Human papilloma virus (HPV) causes more than 99 percent of cases of cervical cancer and genital warts. Persistent infection with certain types of HPV can lead to cancer of the cervix....
HPV is a common virus. There are about 40 types of HPV that affect the genitals or sex organs of men and women. Some HPV types can cause genital warts. Other types can infect a woman’s...
The Pap smear is a common test used to screen women for cervical precancer or cancer. However, most abnormal Pap smears are not due to cancer, but rather caused by infection or low estrogen levels....
Several treatments are available for women with cervical abnormalities, often referred to as dysplasia, CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) or CIS (carcinoma in situ). Treatments including...
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in or on the ovary. Ovarian cysts occur commonly in women of all ages. Some women with ovarian cysts have pain or pelvic pressure, while others...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes irregular menstrual periods and elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in women. The elevated androgen levels can sometimes cause...
Vaginal yeast infections are a very common problem in women. It is difficult to know the true percentage of women affected by yeast infections because they are frequently diagnosed without an...
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women. It can cause bothersome symptoms, and also increases the risk of acquiring serious sexually transmitted infections,...
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections. Approximately 50 percent of adult women report that they have had a Urinary tract infection at some time during their life....
Although the exact cause of fibroids is unknown, their growth seems to be related to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. When these hormone levels decline at menopause, many fibroid-related...
The normal tissue that lines the uterus and bleeds during the menstrual period is called the endometrium. Endometriosis is a noncancerous disorder in which tissue that is similar to the endometrium...
Human milk is widely recognized as the optimal source of nutrition for all infants. Breast milk promotes development of the infant's immune system and meets the nutritional needs of a full-term...
Breastfeeding a healthy infant is often accompanied by challenges. These challenges can be difficult to deal with, especially when combined with the normal anxieties of parenting a newborn infant....
Women have an amazing ability to produce a sufficient quantity and quality of breastmilk to support an infant, even if the woman is malnourished. However, breastfeeding women do need an increased...
A miscarriage is a pregnancy that ends before the fetus is able to live outside the uterus. A brief review of the events of early pregnancy will help in the understanding of miscarriage....
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of disease in the United States. More than 400,000 deaths occur each year as a result of cigarette smoking. In addition, exposure to second-hand smoke is...